Intelligence Gallantry Awards for the East African Campaign of World War I

Fighting heroes of WW1

By Harry Fecitt MBE TD

The East African Campaign of the Great War

Between 1914 and 1918 German and Allied antagonists fought hard battles over some of the most inhospitable  country in Africa. The fighting and associated military activity ranged over today’s nations of Kenya, Uganda,  Tanzania, Malawi, Ruanda, Burundi, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, and finally ended in Zambia.  Many troops moved north to fight from South Africa and Zimbabwe. 

The enemy to Britain and her Allies was the stubborn and well-managed Schutztruppe based in German East Africa  (Tanzania). This force was led by General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, a pragmatist who understood both the terrain  and the climate and also the limitations that they imposed on military activities as well as the opportunities they  offered. The war was mainly fought by African troops known as Askari; British white troops, principally from South  Africa, were introduced but they could not cope with the demands of a fiercely hot climate, monsoon deluges and  a supply system that never really functioned well because of its dependence on over-worked African porters. 

Tropical diseases killed or laid low far more Allied soldiers than German bullets did. Malaria and blackwater fever  debilitated Europeans and Indian sepoys, jigger fleas burrowed under toenails, crocodile and lion seized unwary  men, unsuitable rations caused beriberi and other diseases, snakes and scorpions crawled into boots and bedding,  and in the bush irritated elephant and rhino suddenly charged unsuspecting soldiers, sometimes driving them into  dense thickets of thorn trees from which extraction was painful and lengthy. On the whole the Germans coped  with the conditions in a better manner than the Allies did, probably because of their low number of Europeans and  high number of doctors. (A contingent of German doctors was visiting German East Africa when war broke out,  and they were enrolled in the Schutztruppe. Meanwhile a local German tropical research centre developed  methods of producing quinine in bulk.) 

Intelligence activities in East Africa

When war broke out, the Germans were better prepared as they had established agents in British locations such  as Mombasa port and Zanzibar island. The British started from scratch with no intelligence resources, and they  suffered a comprehensive military defeat at Tanga in German East Africa in October 1914. After that, an East  Africa Intelligence Department was formed, often staffed by former white hunters who knew the tribes and their  dialects. These men commenced patrolling into enemy territory where they collected information and recruited  agents, hoping that these men would remain loyal. 

Developments led to operations such as the removal of used toilet paper from German latrines, as this paper had  often once been official correspondence. From perusal of these documents, enemy orders of battle and lists of  officers were compiled. But by the end of the war most human intelligence activity was in the form of patrols that  either regularly contacted agents in place, or covertly tracked enemy movements through the thick bush. General  von Lettow gradually fell back in stages from the north-east of his territory to the south-east, occupying new  positions dug by local villagers and utilising food and equipment dumps placed on withdrawal routes by his  logisticians, who organised large-scale farming to provide crops. These dumps became targets for Allied  intelligence patrols to locate and destroy. 

As more of German East Africa was occupied by the Allies, many of the agents recruited were previous Askari who  had absconded from the Schutztruppe. The biggest risk they faced was being captured by their former German  employers, as instant hanging was the punishment meted out to those who changed sides. 

Examples of British gallantry awards 

In appendices at the end of this article are lists of all the intelligence gallantry awards that have been gleaned  from archives, including the dates of notification in the London Gazette. Most were published without citations but  some citations can be found in East Africa General Routine Orders (EAGROs) and in unit war diaries. When  perused, the available citations can vividly illustrate what serving in the East African bush was like for British  intelligence officers and operators. The dominating factor was that you had to be prepared to fight to get your  information and to destroy the enemy’s resources, and the Schutztruppe was ready to kill to stop you. When isolated in the bush, taking a bad wound was often a death sentence, as swift casualty evacuation from a behind the-enemy-lines location was often an impossibility. 

One intelligence officer won two Distinguished Service Orders (DSO) and he was Philip Jacobus Pretorious, the  Chief Scout for the South African General Smuts who was the British theatre commander in 1916. The citation for  the Bar gives an indication of the life that Pretorious led behind German lines: ‘He remained continuously behind  the enemy’s lines, and made valuable use of the services of the enemy’s natives. He burned several of the  enemy’s food depots, causing considerable havoc amongst their supply arrangements, and killed or captured  several of the enemy. His personal courage and initiative were quite exceptional’. 

And a sentence in the citation for his first award indicates the tracking skills that men like Pretorious and their  African scouts employed: ‘On one occasion he tracked up a bombing party of the enemy and forced them to  surrender’. During 1915 and early 1916 German demolition parties constantly attacked the Uganda Railway,  running from Mombasa to Lake Victoria, and the branch line built for the invasion of German East Africa. 

A DSO and two Military Crosses (MC) were received by another famous scout, the Australian Arnold Wienholt. His  DSO Citation reads: ‘For continuous gallant conduct and endurance under most trying circumstances during a  period of six months in the bush. He performed a most arduous march, during which his party were more than  once attacked by superior enemy forces, through the unknown country which he had to reconnoitre and report on;  and finally succeeded in gaining touch with a column as ordered. He performed many other successful  reconnaissances during which he had several encounters with the enemy, and furnished valuable information with  regard to their movements. Throughout he showed great courage and endurance, and rendered most valuable  service’. Arnold’s story can be accessed on-line at: http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/339222.html. 

A more straightforward intelligence task during a big offensive earned Hugh Treherne Barrett an MC: ‘He  reconnoitred the enemy’s position, and subsequently guided a column three miles by night, enabling them to  deploy unobserved between picquets of the enemy to within 250 yards of the position’. 

Sometimes intelligence officers had to take over in battlefield situations when the local infantry officers were killed  or incapacitated by wounds, as can be seen in George Dawall Howarth’s MC citation: ‘He assumed command and  successfully withdrew an infantry regiment from a very difficult situation’. An Indian unit from a princely state attacked a well-defended German fort and lost its leaders to enemy fire; George Howarth, the local intelligence  officer, took command, evacuated the wounded and withdrew the battalion.  

Intelligence officer John Sydney Harmsworth happened to be the senior officer in a post in Uganda’s Kagera  district when the enemy attacked and his citation for a MC describes his successful reaction: ‘For his excellent  conduct of the defence of KACHUMBI POST, of which, by virtue of his rank, he assumed command when it was  closely attacked in superior strength on 18 Feb 16, the action resulting in a loss to the enemy, besides his  machine gun, of 4 Germans and 55 Askaris killed or captured, and 1 German and 10 Askaris who escaped  wounded and subsequently died, out of a total attacking force of 5 Germans, 75 Askaris, and 1 machine gun; our  casualties being nil’. 

Dudley John Groves’ MC was earned for more developed intelligence duties: ‘He organised and commanded a  chain of native irregular scouts. He carried out his task with conspicuous success under the most trying  conditions’; whilst Johan Daniel Hamman’s similar award was a result of successfully tracking a breakaway party of German raiders who themselves commenced operations behind British lines: ‘He followed an enemy force and  kept in continuous touch with it, obtaining most valuable information as to the enemy’s movements. His behaviour  throughout was marked by the greatest gallantry and resource’. 

The ability to fight as professionally as an infantryman is vividly illustrated in the citation for Egerton Rothesay  Seymour’s MC: ‘He has repeatedly performed marked acts of courage and initiative, and he has on two occasions  attacked and routed enemy patrols, though greatly outnumbered. Within the last two months he has himself  accounted for sixteen of the enemy during various patrol encounters, and has burned large quantities of enemy  supplies, his work being magnificent throughout’. 

The African scouts who took enormous risks in the field were sometimes rewarded with the Imperial Distinguished  Conduct Medal (as opposed to the African Distinguished Conduct Medal which was reserved for members of the  King’s African Rifles and the West African Frontier Force). Guile was displayed by Scout Masumbuko Bin Nganga as  his citation describes: ‘He was one of a party under a N.C.O. sent to obtain water, which was urgently, needed,  from a post held by the enemy. Though the rest of the party failed to procure any water, he, by the skilful use  which be made of the local natives, succeeded in obtaining it. On the following day, when in charge of an outpost station, he handled his men with great judgment on the approach of an enemy patrol. He also skilfully disarmed  two native soldiers of the enemy who had approached his post’. 

Silver rupee coins were the reward for informants and agents behind enemy lines, but they were not easy to  transport through thick bush. The citation for Serjeant Hamisi Bin Abdullah describes his bravery and his emphasis  on saving the treasure chest: ‘He displayed marked courage, and coolness in action when with the baggage guard.  Having rallied some armed scouts together with some troops of other units, under heavy machine gun fire, he  succeeded in beating off the enemy’s first attack, and by his resource saved some baggage and ammunition and,  in particular, a regimental chest containing silver from falling into enemy hands’. 

Armed African Scout Sergeant Major Maketta Muhenya’s citation was straightforward: ‘For conspicuous gallantry  and devotion to duty. He has carried out much Intelligence work with marked courage and ability’. He worked on  the south-eastern shores of Lake Victoria in a unit nicknamed the ‘Skin Corps’ because its members had no use for  clothing or uniform. 

The final year of the Great War in East Africa 

During 1918, the war in East Africa entered Mozambique, then a Portuguese colonial territory; there the African  inhabitants had often suffered from the authorities’ predatory attitudes which included requisitioning village food  crops without compensation. The Germans seized upon the opportunity and always paid with bolts of cloth for the  food they obtained, having previously secured the cloth from Portuguese forts that they had captured. The  average Mozambican village chief became a firm ally of the Germans, who then were never short of local information about Allied military movements; British intelligence officers found they had an uphill task to secure  reliable information from a population that favoured the enemy. 

The war in East Africa ended in a dramatic fashion when General von Lettow totally dislocated British expectations  by quickly marching around the east side of Lake Malawi and entering Zambia in its north-east corner. There were  no British troops available to halt this German march towards Portuguese Angola in the west and it was only the  Armistice agreement in Europe that halted the Schutztruppe – a military force that was never beaten in the field.

After advancing from a standing start in the British Protectorates, Allied human intelligence efforts had gained  ground and momentum in German East Africa and had then been checked in Mozambique and finally bamboozled  in Zambia. 

SOURCES: 

⮚ East African General Routine Orders in The National Archives. 

London Gazette announcements. 

⮚ Medal Index Card entries. 

⮚ Unit war diaries where available. 

⮚ Arnold, Spencer & Steward. The Award of the Military Medal to African Soldiers of the West African Frontier  Force & the Kings African Rifles from 1916 to 1919. (Self-published 2010). 

⮚ Colonel R. Meinertzhagen CBE DSO. Army Diary 1899–1926. (Oliver and Boyd 1960). ⮚ Major P.J. Pretorius CMG DSO & Bar. Jungle Man. (Travel Book Club 1949). 

⮚ Arnold Wienholt DSO MC. The Story of a Lion Hunt. (Andrew Melrose 1922). 

ENDNOTE 

The books by Pretorious and Wienholt are well worth reading. Meinertzhagen’s book cannot be trusted as it is  difficult to separate fact from fiction. 

NOTES: 

A. East African General Routine Orders (EAGROs) were the local authority for publishing honours  and awards.

B. The London Gazette (LG) was the central authority for publishing honours and awards, but it did  not always include citations. 

C. The Official History (OH) was published well after the war by the British Government to be the  definitive history of the East Africa conflict, although only the first half was actually published.  The second half can be seen in its draft form in the National Archives. 

D. A Medal Index Card was kept for each British soldier in London. On it was recorded his  entitlement to medals and also the units that he served in. 

E. The local infantry regiment was the Kings African Rifles (KAR). Battalions were numbered 1 & 2  (Nyasaland), 3 & 5 (Kenya), 4 (Uganda), 6 (German East Africa after conquest), 7 (Zanzibar &  offshore islands). 

F. Brevet rank was often awarded as a field promotion in recognition of ability that did not qualify  for a gallantry medal. 

G. Honorary rank was awarded to officers with special qualifications (eg: knowledge of native  dialects or enemy-occupied terrain) who did not go through normal officer selection and training  procedures. 

APPENDIX 1 

AWARDS OF COMPANIONSHIP OF THE DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER

NAME  RANK UNIT  AWARDLONDON  GAZETTE  
DATE
REGIMENTAL  
No.
CITATION AND COMMENTS
Pretorius, Philip 
Jacobus 
Major East  Africa  Protectorate  Forces  
Intelligence  Department
Bar  to  DSO17.12. 17131 79No London Gazette citation. Citation in EAGRO 12 Aug 18: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He remained  continuously behind the enemy’s lines, and made valuable use of  the services of the enemy’s natives. He burned several of the  enemy’s food depots, causing considerable havoc amongst their  supply arrangements, and killed or captured several of the enemy.  His personal courage and initiative were quite exceptional.
Dooner, 
Hugh  
Brandon 
MC
Temporary  CaptainEast  Africa  Intelligence  CorpsDSO 27.7.1 8896 8No citation See Pretorius’ book p 176 – LINDI area. EAGRO 8th March 1919  shows Mention in Despatches. Also awarded MC.
La  Fontaine,  
Sidney  
Herbert 
MC
Temporary  CaptainEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department
DSO 27.7.1 8896 8No citation Also awarded MC.
Meinertzhagen,  RichardMajor East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department &  Royal  Fusiliers
DSO 2.2.16 133 6No citation See Army Diary by himself & also the Official History. His own  book is not to be trusted as he is an over-inventive writer.
Pretorius,
Philip  Jacobus 
Tempoary 
Lieute nant
East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department
DSO 24.11. 16For conspicuous gallantry and good work during several months.  On one occasion he tracked up a bombing party of the enemy and  forced them to surrender. EAGRO 51 of 12 Jan 17 (citation)
Shakespear,  
George  
Frederick  
Cortland  MC
Captain &  Brevet  MajorIndian  Army 88th  Carnatic  Infantry  & East  Africa  Intelligence
 Department
DSO 1.1.18 26 APPOINTED GSO2 INT (General Staff Officer Grade 2,  Intelligence) in EAGRO 934 of 21 Oct 1918.
Wienholt,  
Arnold,  MC
CaptainEast  African  Force  
Intelligence  Department
DSO 15.10. 18120 55-6For continuous gallant conduct and endurance under most trying  circumstances during a period of six months in the bush. He  performed a most arduous march, during which his party were  more than once attacked by superior enemy forces, through the  unknown country which he had to reconnoitre and report on; and  finally succeeded in gaining touch with a column as ordered. He performed many other successful reconnaissances during which  he had several encounters with the enemy, and furnished  valuable information with regard to their movements. Throughout  he showed great courage and endurance, and rendered most  valuable service.

APPENDIX 2 

AWARDS OF THE MILITARY CROSS

Wienholt,  
Arnold  MC
LieutenantEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department
Bar  to  MC4.09.1 8104 97(MC awarded London Gazette 25th May, 1917.) No citation  EAGRO 12 Aug 18.
Barnes, 
James  Hugh
LieutenantEast  Africa  
Intelligence
Department
MC 4.6.17 547 7No citation.
Barrett,  Hugh.  
Treherne 
LieutenantNyasala nd Field  Force.  Intelligence  
Department
MC 24.4.1 7For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He reconnoitred  the enemy’s position, and subsequently guided a column three  miles by night, enabling them to deploy unobserved between  picquets of the enemy to within 250 yards of the positionMKAPIRA German East Africa. EAGRO 183 of 1917 shows Date Of  Action as 30 Oct 16.
Botha,  
Cornelius
Thomas  Ludovicus
CaptainEast  African  Protecto rate  Forces  Unnatta ched  List &  Belfield’ s Scouts  &  Intellige nceMC 27.7.1 8896 9No citation EAGRO 5 Aug 18 shows Unnattached List East Africa Protectorate  Forces attached Int Dept
Carlisle,  Edmund  LaurenceHonorary  Lieute nantEast  Africa  Intelligence 
Department
MC 4.6.17 547 7No citation
Charton, 
Godfrey 
Markham
LieutenantEast  African  
Protectorate  Forces  
Intelligence  Department
MC 1.1.18 33 No citation
Church, 
Arthur
Lieute nantEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 1.1.18 33 No Citation
Clarke,  
Frederick
Allison
Warra nt  OfficerEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 27.7.1 8896 9No citation
Cooper, 
Percival 
Harold
Honorary  LieutenantEast  Africa  Intelligence MC 4.6.17 547 8No citation
Critchley 
Salmonson,  
Ronald
Egerton
Captain1st/4th Kings  African 
Rifles & Royal  Fusiliers  &  Intelligence
MC 26 Jun  16631 6No citation Probably for operations on the KAGERA Front. See Official History  pages 42 & 48. EAGRO 03 July 1916 states Royal Fusiliers & INTELLIGENCE DEPT
Cuninghame,  
Richard 
John
Temporary 
Lieutenant
East  Africa  Intelligence 
Department &  East African  Police &  King’s African  Rifles
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation Medal Index Card shows EA Intelligence Department East Africa  Police & Kings African Rifles EAGRO
Dickson,  Thomas  AinsworthTemporary 
Lieutenant 
East  Africa 
Intelligence Department
MC 26 Jun  16631 6No citation EAGRO 03 July 1916
Dooner,  Hugh  
Brandon
LieutenantEast  Africa 
Intelligence  Corps
MC 4.6.17 547 8No citation EAGRO 8th March 1919 shows Mention in Despatches
Drought , James  JustinianTemporary 
Lieutenant
East  African  Protectorate 
Forces East  African  Mounted  Rifles & East  Lakes  
Border  Police &  Intelligence
MC 26 Jun  16631 6No citation Probably for scouting operations on south-east shore of Lake  Victoria EAGRO 03 July 1916 states INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT
Gray,  
Charles 
Vivian 
Honorary  
Lieutenant 
East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department & Kings African Rifles
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation. Reconnoitred route to KIBATA, transferred to 1st/2nd Kings African Rifles. Ex-East Africa Mounted Rifles & Ross’s Scouts before Intelligence Department. Appears in EAGROs Dec 1918 Army List shows in 2KAR
Grey,  
Charles
Temporary  
Lieutenant
Rhodesia Native  Regiment &  
General  List
MC 1.1.18 37 No citation. In NORFORCE operating from Malawi.  EAGRO 15 Jan 18 shows attached Intelligence Department EAGRO 76 of 10.02.1915 states Rhodesia Native Regiment and  Chief Intelligence Officer.
Groves,  Dudley  
John
LieutenantEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 16.8.1 7836 9For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He organised and  commanded a chain of native irregular scouts. He carried out his  task with conspicuous success under the most trying conditions.  He has at all times, set a magnificent example, and has materially  assisted in the success of the operationsMedal Index Card shows ex-East Africa Mounted Rifles. EAGRO  519 of 21 May 17 shows date of action 15 Mar 17 – 8 May 17
Hamman, Johan 
Daniel
Honorary  
Lieutenant 
Intelligence Agent 
East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 18.1.1 8956 Citation in LG 25 Apr 18 page 5003: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He followed an  enemy force and kept in continuous touch with it, obtaining most  valuable information as to the enemy’s movements. His  behaviour throughout was marked by the greatest gallantry and resource. In recognition of conspicuious gallantry and devotion to duty from  21.7.16 to 6.9.17. EAGRO 953 of 17 Sep 17. For Naumann  pursuit. Cape Corps History p 119
Harmsworth,  
John  Sydney 
Temporary  
Lieutenant
Intelligence  DepartmentMC 31.5.1 6540 7For conspicuous gallantry and good work when in command of a  post which was heavily attacked in superior force by the enemy.  The result of the fight was that practically the whole enemy force  was killed or captured without any loss to our side(Uganda Volunteer Reserve), transferred to the Baganda Rifles EAGRO citation 19 Apr 1916: For his excellent conduct of the defence of KACHUMBI POST, of  which, by virtue of his rank, he assumed command when it was  closely attacked in superior strength on 18 Feb 16, the action  resulting in a loss to the enemy, besides his machine gun, of 4  Germans and 55 Askaris killed or captured, and 1 German and 10  Askaris who escaped wounded and subsequently died, out of a  total attacking force of 5 Germans, 75 Askaris, and 1 machine  gun; our casualties being nil.
Harrington,  
Wilfred 
Francis
CaptainEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 27.7.1 8896 9No citation
Howarth ,
George 
Dawall
LieutenantEast Africa 
Intelligence Department 
MC 26.5.1 7518 2For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He assumed  command and successfully withdrew an infantry regiment from a  very difficult situation.  EAGRO 270 of 19.3.17 gives Date Of Action as 9 Oct 16.  KISANGIRE with the Jhind Inf. Official History draft Chapter XIII  page 4. Prompt Award. EAGRO 768 of 1 Aug 17. EAGRO 314  of 28 Mar 17 corrects initials, Medal Index Card shows East Africa service & EAGRO No 331 30  Mar 17 shows award. 
La  Fontaine,  
Sidney  
Herbert
Temporary  
Lieutenant
East  Africa  
Intelligence  Department
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation EAGRO
Lardner Burke,  
George  
Darley
Temporary  
Captain
South  Africa  Special  
Service Company (Intelligence  Department)
MC 2.4.19 432 9No citation Intelligence work in support of Barton’s 3rd/1st Kings African  Rifles at NAKOTI, Potuguese East Africa as listed in EAGRO 1 Jul  18
Layzell,  Stanley 
Charles
CaptainEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 1.1.18 40 No citation GSO2 INT in EAGRO 934 of 21 Oct 1918, formerly  SSO (Station Staff Officer) (Class FF).
Nightingale,  
Hugh  
Cecil
Honorary 
Lieutenant
East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation. Recomended for taking over double-company at  MKALAMO – see 130th Baluchis War Diary letter signed by  Sheppard. In EAGROs.
Phillips,  James  
Erasmus  Tray
CaptainSouth  African  Intelligence  
Department
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation EAGRO
Seymour,  
Egerton  Rothesay 
Intelligence  AgentEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department
MC 23.8.1 8991 7For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He has repeatedly  performed marked acts of courage and initiative, and he has on  two occasions attacked and routed enemy patrols, though greatly  outnumbered. Within the last two months he has himself  accounted for sixteen of the enemy during various patrol  encounters, and has burned large quantities of enemy supplies,  his work being magnificent throughout. See 1st/4th Kings African Rifles despatch No 12 of 20 Sep 17 (this is part of the unit war diary). He routed a patrol west of  NGOMANO. WO158/466 (this is a National Archives file reference  number).
Shakespear,  
George  
Frederick  
Cortland
LieutenantIndian  Army.  88th 
Carnatic  Infantry  & East Africa  Intelligence 
Department
MC 26.6.1 6631 7No citation EAGRO 03 July 1916 Awarded Brevet rank of Major.
Todd,  
William
Warrant  Officer  IntelligenceAgentEast  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 7 Feb  19194 4No citation
Trichard
Carolus  Johannes
Warrant 
Officer
East  Africa  Intelligence  
Department 
MC 27.7.1 8896 9No citation
Wienholt,  
Arnold 
Warrant  
Officer
East  Africa  Intelligence 
Department 
MC 26.5.1 7518 7For conspicuous gallantry and endurance as leader of a patrol.  The patrol covered some 200 odd miles of the most difficult  country and obtained valuable information. He was subsequently  separated from his patrol, severely wounded and captured by the  enemy. He ultimately escaped, and made his way back to our lines  across 100 miles of unknown bushEAGRO No 777 of 3 Aug 17. Also see EAGRO 280 of 21 March 1917  – it gives dates 26 Jun-21 Jul & 9 Feb 17.
Wood,  
William  Henry
Honorary  
Lieutenant
East  Africa  Intelligence 
Department
MC 1.2.17 114 5No citation EAGRO. He was active in the 5th Light Infantry area around  Mwele and south of Gazi, bringing in German white and Askari  prisoners – see 5LI War Diary for May and June 1916.

APPENDIX 3 

AWARDS OF THE IMPERIAL DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDAL

LONDON  GAZETTE  DATEREGIMEN TAL  No.RANK NAME UNIT CITATION
28 MARCH, 1918.I.D.  1445Private Masumbuko Bin  Nganga,Intelligence  DepartmentFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. He was one of a party under a  N.C.O. sent to obtain water, which was  urgently, needed, from a post held by the  enemy. Though the rest of the party  failed to procure any water, he, by the  skilful use which be made of the local  natives, succeeded in obtaining it. On the  following day, when in charge of an  outpost station, he handled his men with  great judgment on the approach of an  enemy patrol. He also skilfully disarmed  two native soldiers of the enemy who had  approached his post. On all occasions he  has shown courage and ability of the  highest order.
18  FEBRUARY,  1918.B.I. SerjeantHamisi  Bin  Abdullah Intelligence  DepartmentFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. He displayed marked courage, and  coolness in action when with the baggage  guard. Having rallied some armed scouts  together with some troops of other units,  under heavy machine gun fire, he  succeeded in beating off the enemy’s first  attack, and by his resource saved some  baggage and ammunition and, in  particular, a regimental chest containing  silver from falling into enemy hands. He 
has consistently done fine work.
18  FEBRUARY,  1918.935 Private Ali Bin 
Mwichan di 
Intelligence 
Department
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. He was acting in conjunction with a  detachment of troops which engaged  three enemy companies, and was under  very heavy fire for four hours. He also  accompanied a party of infantry, which  cut its way through the enemy lines, and  it was largely owing to his guidance that  the remainder reached our lines safely  through thick bush. His conduct has been  at’ all times exceptionally praiseworthy.
3 OCTOBER,  1918.332 Colour  SergeantBin Mzee (Armed  Scout)  
Commando
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty throughout the whole period that  our intelligence patrols were operating,  and especially for his initiative during a  particular engagement, when, after the  death of the white officer, he assumed  command of our scouts and ruga-ruga,  and repelled two enemy companies with  four machine guns in a fight lasting five  and a half hours.
26  JANUARY,  1918. Intelligence  AgentJames  Robert  
Richardson
Intelligence  DepartmentFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. He remained at a critical juncture,  although very ill, in touch with the  enemy, and sent in valuable information, which enabled a small post to make  dispositions to meet the enemy’s attack.  During five attacks he has shown most  conspicuous gallantry, rallying his native  scouts and displaying the greatest  coolness and resource in action, although  hopelessly outnumbered. He kept  constant touch with the enemy for a  period of over four days under the most  trying circumstances, setting a splendid  example of pluck, endurance, and  determination.
18  FEBRUARY,  1918. A. 11 Lance  CorporalJuma Bin Heri Intelligence  DepartmentFor conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. When under heavy fire he rescued a  wounded man and succeeded in getting  him away safely. Later, he worked hard  encouraging and rallying his men under  trying circumstances. His coolness and  disregard of danger set a magnificent  example, and his work has been excellent  throughout.
3 MARCH,  1917.Sergeant MajorMaketta Muhenya, Armed  African 
Scouts.
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to  duty. He has carried out much  Intelligence work with marked courage  and ability.

APPENDIX 4 

AWARDS OF THE MILITARY MEDAL. (NO CITATIONS ARE AVAILABLE) 

C 27 Armed  ScoutSebe  RehanIntelligence  Dept.EAGRO No. 166 of 25th February 1918.  Page 5197.
1374 Private Abdulla  bin  FeroziIntelligence  Dept.EAGRO No. 166 of 25th February 1918.  Page 5197.
1394 Sergean tMange  bin  Muenge Intelligence  Dept.EAGRO No. 166 of 25th February 1918.  Page 5197.
London  Gazette 26  May 1917958 Private Lukian o bin  JamisiIntelligence  Dept.EAGRO 270 of 19 March 1917 gives  date of action as 1st January 1917.
London  Gazette 26  May 1917965 Private Hamid  bin  SalimIntelligence  Dept.EAGRO 270 of 19 March 1917 gives  date of action as 1st January 1917.